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Sebab Sebab Tayamum - Fatwa NU

Sebab-sebab Tayamum
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Mengenai sebab-sebab bertayamum telah dijelaskan para ulama fiqih, di antaranya oleh Syekh Mushthafa al-Khin dalam kitab al-Fiqh al-Manhaji ‘ala Madzahib al-Imam al-Syafi‘i (Terbitan Darul Qalam, Cetakan IV, 1992, Jilid 1, hal. 94). Menurutnya, ada empat alasan dibolehkannya bertayamum. .
1. Ketiadaan air, baik secara kasat mata maupun secara syara‘. Ketiadaan air secara kasat mata misalnya dalam keadaan bepergian dan benar-benar tidak ada air, sedangkan ketiadaan air secara syara‘ misalnya air yang ada hanya mencukupi untuk kebutuhan minum.
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2. Jauhnya air, yang keberadaannya diperkirakan di atas jarak setengah farsakh atau 2,5 kilometer. Artinya, jika dimungkinkan ada air tetapi di atas jarak tersebut, maka diperbolehkan bertayamum mengingat beratnya perjalanan, terlebih ditempuh dengan berjalan kaki. .
3. Sulitnya menggunakan air, baik secara kasat mata maupun secara syara‘. Sulit secara kasat mata contohnya airnya dekat, tetapi tidak bisa dijangkau karena ada musuh, karena binatang buas, karena dipenjara, dan seterusnya. Sementara sulit menggunakan air secara syara‘ misalnya karena khawatir akan datang penyakit, takut penyakitnya semakin kambuh, atau takut lama sembuhnya. Hal ini berdasarkan riwayat seorang sahabat yang meninggal setelah mandi, sedangkan kepalanya terluka. Kala itu, Rasulullah saw. bersabda, “Padahal, cukuplah dia bertayamum, membalut lukanya dengan kain, lalu mengusap kain tersebut dan membasuh bagian tubuh lainnya.” (H.R. Abu Dawud)
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4. Kondisi sangat dingin. Artinya, jika menggunakan air, kita akan kedinginan karena tidak ada sesuatu yang dapat mengembalikan kehangatan tubuh. Diriwayatkan bahwa ‘Amr ibn ‘Ash pernah bertayamum dari junubnya karena kedinginan.  Hal itu lalu disampaikan kepada Rasulullah saw., dan beliau pun mengakui serta menetapkannya, sebagaimana diriwayatkan Abu Dawud. Namun, dalam keadaan terakhir ini, terlebih jika ada air, seseorang diharuskan mengqadha shalatnya. .
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