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Syarat Dan Jenis Zakat Binatang Ternak • Fatwa Nu

Syarat dan Jenis Zakat Binatang Ternak
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Di dalam fiqih, binatang ternak yang wajib dizakati hanya ada tiga macam, yaitu unta, sapi, dan kambing. Hal ini berdasarkan beberapa hadits yang menegaskan kewajiban zakat pada ketiga jenis binatang ternak tersebut. Mengapa hanya tiga macam binatang ini? Hikmah di baliknya antara lain karena banyaknya manfaat binatang-binatang tersebut bagi manusia; air susunya baik untuk kesehatan, mudah dikembang biakkan, dan lain sebagainya (Lihat An-Nawawi, al-Majmu’ Syarh al-Muhadzdzab, Mesir, al-Muniriyah, jilid V, halaman: 321).
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Zakat binatang ternak tidak diwajibkan pada selain tiga jenis binatang ternak tersebut, berdasarkan sabda baginda Nabi Muhammad shallallahu alaihi wassallam:
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لَيْسَ عَلَى الْمُسْلِمِ فِى عَبْدِهِ وَلاَ فَرَسِهِ صَدَقَةٌ
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“Bagi seorang muslim tidak menanggung beban zakat dari budak dan kudanya.” (HR. Muslim)
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Begitu pula ayam, bebek, ikan dan lain sebagainya. Namun, bila selain tiga jenis binatang ternak tersebut diperdagangkan, maka dikenai kewajiban zakat perdagangan sesuai dengan ketentuan di dalam zakat tijarah (aset perdagangan).
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Ketiga binatang ternak tersebut wajib dizakati jika memenuhi empat syarat di atas (lihat gambar).
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Jika seseorang memiliki unta, sapi atau kambing yang telah memenuhi keempat syarat di atas, maka wajib dizakati. Semua ini menurut pendapat mazhab Syafi’i. Sedangkan menurut pendapat mazhab Malikiyah, syarat ketiga (digembalakan) dan syarat keempat (tidak dipekerjakan) tidak menjadi pertimbangan. Sehingga, apabila ketiga binatang ternak tersebut telah mencapai nishab dan melewati masa setahun (haul), maka wajib dikeluarkan zakatnya. (Lihat Muhammad ibn Abdullah al-Kharasyi, Syarh Mukhtashar Khalil). Wallahu a’lam.
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(Moh. Sibromulisi)
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